Helvetii

Minnodunum

• Place: Moudon, canton Vaud, Switzerland
• Name: Minnodunum (It. Ant.) Minodum (Peut.)
• Etymology: Explained [DTS; Delamarre, p. 199] as a compound of a personal name *Minnos (attested as Minnius) and the Gaulish dunon 'fortress'.

Noviodunum

• Place: Nyon, canton Vaud, Switzerland
• Name: Noviodunum (Not. Dign.) (Colonia Iulia) Equestris (Plin., Ptol., It. Ant., Peut.)
• Etymology: Another Gaulish compound name, formed by the word dunon 'fortress' and the adjective novio- 'new', thus 'new castle' [DTS; Delamarre, p. 207].

Petinesca

• Place: Jensberg by Studen, department , canton Bern, Switzerland
• Name: Petinesca (It. Ant.) Petenisca (Peut.)
• Etymology: Explained [Delamarre, p. 215] from a possible river name *Petina or a personal name *Petinus.

Tenedo

• Place: Bad Zurzach, canton Aargau, Switzerland
• Name: Tenedo (Peut.)
• Etymology: It might be connected to a Celtic stem *teno- 'heat, fire' that is ultimately from the PIE root *tep-no- 'heat' [Lacroix 2013].

Turicum

• Place: Zürich, canton Zürich, Switzerland
• Name: Turicum (inscr.)
• Etymology: Commonly interpreted as 'the domain of Turos', from a personal name *Turos with the suffix -ico- [DTS].

Uromagus

• Place: Oron-la-Ville, canton , Switzerland
• Name: Viromagus (Peut.) Bromagus (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: A clear Gauisgh compound [Delamarre, p. 280; DTS], with the second element magos 'field, market place' and a first element that reflects a personal name Uros or maybe the Gaulish name for the 'aurochs', if the latter has a Celtic origin (and not Germanic).

Vindonissa

• Place: Windisch, canton Aargau, Switzerland
• Name: Vindonissa (Tac., Peut., It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Commonly related to the Gaulish adjective uindos 'white' (possibly > 'beautiful'), possibly through a personal name Vindonios [DTS]. The suffix -issa is either denominative or superlative, so that in the latter case the overall meaning would be 'the nicest (town)' [Delamarre, p. 272].

Vitudurum

• Place: Winterthur, canton Zürich, Switzerland
• Name: Vitudurum (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: A clear Gaulish compound name with duron 'market' and a first element that is either a personal name Vitus [Delamarre, p. 275] or a phytonym *uitos 'willow' [DTS].

Raurici

Arialbinnum

• Place: possibly Allschwil, canton Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland
• Name: Arialbinnum (It. Ant., Peut.) Basilia (late antiquity)
• Etymology: It has been analyzed [Delamarre, p. 60] as ari-albinnon, with ari- 'ahead, eastward' and a personal name Albinon.

Argentovaria

• Place: possibly Horbourg, Horbourg-Wihr, department Haut-Rhin, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Argentovaria (Ptol., It. Ant., Peut.) Argentaria (Amm.)
• Etymology: A Gaulish compound name, with the first element arganto- 'silver' (or a personal name Argantos) and the second element uaria explained as 'enclosure' [Delamarre, p. 59] from the PIE root *uer- 'to turn, wind'.

Augusta Raurica

• Place: between Augst and Kaiseraugst, cantons Basel-Landschaft and Aargau, Switzerland
• Name: Raurica (Plin.) Augusta Rauricum (Ptol.) Rauraci (It. Ant.) Augusta Ruracum (Peut.)
• Etymology: A Roman auspicious name.

Larga fl., *Largetium

• Place: river Largue (Larga fl.), Largitzen (*Largetium), department Haut-Rhin, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Larga (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: The hydronym might derive from a reconstructed Celtic stem *lergo- 'track', in turn from the PIE root *lerg- 'even, smooth, slippery'.

Uruncis

• Place: Illzach, department Haut-Rhin, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Uruncis (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Due to inconsistent attestations, the name is obscure [Delamarre, p. 280].

Sequani

Crucinae

• Place: possibly Rochefort-sur-Nenon, department Doubs, region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
• Name: Crusinie (Peut.)
• Etymology: Explained with a Celtic stem *crouc- 'mound', here probably as a descriptive name meaning 'the (small) mounds' [see Delamarre, p. 129].

Gramato

• Place: possibly Delle, department Territoire de Belfort, region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
• Name: Gramato (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Probably a personal name without suffixation *Gramatius.

Loposagium

• Place: Luxiol, department Doubs, region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
• Name: Loposagium (Peut.)
• Etymology: It has been explained from a personal name *Loposagios [Delamarre, p. 181].

Luxovium

• Place: Luxeuil-les-Bains, department Haute-Saône, region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
• Name: Luxovium (late antiquity)
• Etymology: From the theonym Luxovius, the name of a god [Delamarre, p. 185].

Velatodurum

• Place: Vellerot-lès-Belvoir, department Doubs, region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
• Name: Velatudorum (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: A Gaulish compound name with duron 'town, domain' and a first element that is probably a personal name Velatus [Delamarre, p. 261], possibly to be connected with belatu 'death'.

Vesontio

• Place: Besançon, department Doubs, region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
• Name: Vesontio (Caes.) Visontio (It. Ant., Auson.) Vesontine (Peut.) Vesontium (Dio, Not. Dign.) Visontium (Ptol.)
• Etymology: Connected with a theonym (Mars) Vesontius [Delamarre, p. 268], but it is unclear whether the placename derives from it or the opposite is true. The place name has been also explained from the PIE root *ues- 'mountain, high'.

Tribocci

Argentorate

• Place: Strasbourg, department Bas-Rhin, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Argentoratum (Ptol., It. Ant.) Argentoratus (Amm.) Argentorate (Peut.) Stratisburgium (Rav.) Strataburgum (Not. Dign.)
• Etymology: A Gaulish compound name, with *argantos 'silver', and *rati- 'fortification' [Delamarre, p. 59].

Brocomagus

• Place: Brumath, department Bas-Rhin, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Breucomagus (Ptol.) Brotomagus (Amm.) Brocomagus (It. Ant.) Brocomacus (Peut.)
• Etymology: Explained as a compound *broccu-magos [Delamarre, p. 91], from broco 'badger' and magos 'plain, market'.

Helvetum

• Place: Ehl by Sand, department Bas-Rhin, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Helcebus (Ptol.) Helvetum (It. Ant.) Helellum (Peut.)
• Etymology: Probably related to the tribe name Helvetii, thus 'domain of the Helvetian' [Delamarre, p. 149].

Nemetes

Noviomagus

• Place: Speyer, region Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
• Name: (It. Ant., Peut.) Noeomagus (Ptol.) Nemetes (Amm., Not. Dign.) Spira (Not. Dign.)
• Etymology: An ubiquitous Gaulish compound meaning 'new market', from nouios 'new' and magos 'plain, market' [Delamarre, p. 208].

Saletio

• Place: Seltz, department Bas-Rhin, region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
• Name: Saliso (Amm.) Saletio (It. Ant., Peut., Not. Dign.)
• Etymology: Tentatively analyzed as *sal-et-ion 'salting place' [Delamarre, p. 226].

Vangiones

Bingium

• Place: Bingen am Rhein, region Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
• Name: Bingium (Peut., Tac., Not. Dign.) Bingio (Amm.) Vingium, Vincum (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: An old etymology (Krahe) is as *bheng-io-, from the PIE root *bhe(n)g- 'to bang, break, smash', with the meaning of '(settlement on) the elbow (of the Rhine)'. A different Germanic etymology *bing-ja- 'heap' (Neumann) would point to the PIE root *bheng'h- 'fat, thick, dense' [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 101]. Otherwise explained from an unattested personal name *Bingos, which is reconstruced from the same PIE root [Delamarre, p. 78].

Borbetomagus

• Place: Worms, region Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
• Name: Borbitomagus (It. Ant.) Borgeromagus (Peut.)
• Etymology: A Gaulish compound name with borbetos 'hot spring', a cognate of the PIE root *bher2- 'to boil, swell, get high', and magos 'field, plain, market' [Delamarre, p. 83].

Buconica

• Place: Nierstein, region Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
• Name: Bauconica (It. Ant.) Bonconica (Peut.) Buconica (inscr.)
• Etymology: Possibly related to the Buconia, name of a forest east of the Rhine, but otherwise unexplained [Delamarre, p. 84], or reconducted to a personal name *Buconius [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 106].

Treveri

Andethanna

• Place: Niederanven, Luxembourg
• Name: Andethannale (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Explained from an unattested personal name *Andetannos [Delamarre, p. 52].

Antunnacum

• Place: Andernach, region Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
• Name: Antunnacum (It. Ant., Peut., Amm.)
• Etymology: Given the suffix -aco-, meaning 'the estate of', the name is likely derived from a personal name *Antu, latinized as Anto [Delamarre, p. 54].

Belginum

• Place: Wederath, Morbach, region Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
• Name: Belginum (Peut.)
• Etymology: Explained with a personal name Belginos [Delamarre, p. 74].

Epoissum

• Place: Carignan (Ivoy), department Ardennes, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Epoissum (It. Ant.) Eposium (Greg. Tur.)
• Etymology: The name has been interpreted as *epossion 'domain of the knight (or of Epossios)' [Delamarre, p. 150], from Gaulish epotso- 'knight, horseman', a derivative of epo- 'horse'.

Ricciacum

• Place: Dalheim, Luxembourg
• Name: Ricciacum (Peut.)
• Etymology: Usually explained as 'the estate of Riccios' from a personal name [Delamarre, p. 220].

Rigodulum

• Place: Riol, region Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
• Name: Rigodulum (Tac.)
• Etymology: Analyzed as *rigo-dulon, with the first element that might be the Gaulish adjective 'royal' and the second element tentatively [Delamarre, p. 221] intepreted as 'leaf (emblem)' or maybe as forest'.

Saliso

• Place: not proveably Bad Salzen, Boppard, region Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
• Name: Saliso (Amm.) Salisso (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: From a personal name or a derivative of the Gaulish word for 'salt'.

Vosolvia

• Place: Oberwesel, region Rheinland-Pflaz, Germany
• Name: Vosavia (Peut.) Vosolvia (inscr.)
• Etymology: Analyzed as *uo-soluia [Delamarre, p. 279], where the first element means 'under-, secondary' and the second is the Celtic stem *selwo- 'property'.

Mediomatrices

Caranusca

• Place: Garche, Thionville, department Moselle, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Caranusca (Peut.)
• Etymology: Despite the "Ligurian"-like suffix -usca, the name has been considered Gaulish and explained from a personal name Caranos [Delamarre, p. 105].

Ibliodurum

• Place: by Vionville, Rezonville-Vionville, department Moselle, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Ibliodurum (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: A compound name with duron 'forum, marketplace' and a first element that is explained asa personal name Iblios [Delamarre, p. 163].

Virodunum

• Place: Verdun, department Meuse, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Virodunum (It. Ant.) *Verodunum (Not. Dign.)
• Etymology: Explained [Delamarre, p. 265] as *uer-dunum 'powerful fortress', from the intensifier prefix uero- and the common noun dunon 'fort'.

Leuci

Caturiges

• Place: Bar-le-Duc, department Meuse, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Caturrigis (It. Ant.) Caturices (Peut.)
• Etymology: From the tribal name Caturiges.

Nasium

• Place: Naix-aux-Forges, department Meuse, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Nasium (Ptol., It. Ant., Peut.)
• Etymology: Explained [Delamarre, p. 204] from an attested personal name Nasios, 'the domain of N.'.

Scarponna

• Place: Scarpone, Dieulouard, department Meurthe-et-Moselle, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Scarponna (Amm., Peut.) Scarpona (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Tentatively explained [Delamarre, p. 231] as a derivative of the personal name Scarpos.

Solimariaca

• Place: Soulosse-sous-Saint-Elophe, department Vosges, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Solimariaca (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Clearly derived from a personal name Solimarios, with the Gaulish suffix -ako- [Delamarre, p. 239].

Remi

Bibrax

• Place: Vieux-Laon by Saint-Erme-Outre-et-Ramecourt, department Aisne, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Bibrax (Caes.)
• Etymology: Traditionally associated with the stem *bebro- 'beaver', with a suffix -akti- and the meaning '(hill) of the beavers'. A different explanation posits a reduplicated form *bi-brak-, where the second element would be a cognate of Greek frasso 'to fortify', thus meaning 'doubly fortified' [Delamarre, p. 78]. However, the PIE root *bhrekw- 'to stuff' has no known derived terms in Celtic languages.

Catusiacum

• Place: possibly Chaourse, department Aisne, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Catusiacum (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Given the suffix -ako-, the name is likely derived from a personal name Catusios [Delamarre, p. 110].

Durocatalaunum

• Place: Châlons-en-Champagne, department Marne, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Durocatelauni (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Related to the tribal name of the Catalauni.

Durocortorum

• Place: Reims, department Marne, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Durocortorum (Caes., It. Ant., Peut.) Duricortora (Strab.) Durocottorum (Ptol.)
• Etymology: The stem duro- as the first element of a compound is known to mean 'hard, solid, iron', thus being different from -duron as a second element ('forum'). This particular place name as a whole has been explained from a personal name Duro-cortoros [Delamarre, p. 145].

Minatiacum

• Place: Nizy-le-Compte, department Aisne, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Minatiacum (It. Ant.) Ninittaci (Peut.)
• Etymology: Unclear, but likely from a personal name *Minatios or similar.

Tanomia

• Place: Camp d'Attila by La Cheppe, department Marne, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Tanomia (Peut.) Fanum Minervae (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: The former attestation could just be corruption of Fanum Minervae 'temple of Minerva'.

Verbinum

• Place: Vervin, department Aisne, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Verbinum (It. Ant.) Vironum (Peut.)
• Etymology: Explained [Delamarre, p. 264] as 'domain of Verbinos', from an unattested personal name Verbinos. Alternatively, a derivation from a hypothetical Gaulish term *verbi- (itself reconstructed from Old Irish ferb 'cattle') has been proposed [Nègre, p. 139].

Vungus

• Place: Voncq, department Ardennes, region Grand Est, France
• Name: Vungus (It. Ant.) Vongum (late antiquity)
• Etymology: Unknown.

Suessiones

Augusta Suessionum

• Place: Soissons, department Aisne, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Augusta S. (Ptol., It. Ant., Peut.)
• Etymology: A Roman auspicious name.

Bellovaci and Silvanecti

Augustomagus

• Place: Senlis, department Oise, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Augustomagus (It. Ant.) Silvanectes (Not. Dign.)
• Etymology: A Latin-Gaulish compound with Gaulish magos, meaning 'the market of Augustus' [Delamarre, p. 66].

Caesaromagus

• Place: Beauvais, department Oise, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Caesaromagus (Ptol., It. Ant., Peut.)
• Etymology: A Latin-Gaulish compound with Gaulish magos, meaning 'the market of Caesar'.

Ambiani

Curmiliaca

• Place: probably Cormeilles, department Oise, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Curmiliaca (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: The presence of the suffix -ako- points to a personal name *Curmilios that belongs to a well-attested family of names [Delamarre, p. 131].

Duroicoregum

• Place: Domqueur, department Somme, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Duroicoregum (Peut.)
• Etymology: Unclear. It could derive from a personal name *Duro-ico-rix. Or the ending could reflect a Gaulish stem *reg- derived from the PIE root *reig- 'to rig, tie, bind', with the meaning of 'connected (estate)', whereas the first part of the place name would be a personal name *Duroicus [Delamarre, p. 146].

Setucis

• Place: Saint-Mard by Fresnoy-en-Chaussée, department Somme, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Setucis (Peut.) Seeviae (inscr.) Sefulae (inscr.)
• Etymology: The original name is uncertain.

Teucera

• Place: Thièvres, department Somme, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Teucera (Peut.)
• Etymology: To be possibly reconstructed as *Teutera and thus explained with Gaulish teuto- left, north', as 'the northern (town)', for being at the nothern limit of the civitas.

Viromandui

Augusta Viromanduorum

• Place: Saint-Quentin, department Aisne, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Augusta V. (Ptol., It. Ant.)
• Etymology: A Roman auspicious name.

Contraginnum

• Place: Condren, department Aisne, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: contra Aginnum (It. Ant.) Contraginnetium (Not. Dign.)
• Etymology: Explained from a personal name *Con-tragino-s, as 'the estate of C.' [Delamarre, p. 123].

Rodium

• Place: Roiglise, department Somme, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Rodium (Peut.) Roudium (inscr.)
• Etymology: Explained from a personal name *Roudios, as 'the estate of R.' [Delamarre, p. 223].

Atrebates

Minariacum

• Place: Estaires, department Nord, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Minariacum (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: The presence of the suffix -ako- points to an unattested personal name *Minarios, thus 'the estate of M.' [Delamarre, p. 199].

Nemetacum

• Place: Arras, department Pas-de-Calais, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Nemetacum (It. Ant.) Nemetocenna (Caes.) Metacum (Ptol.)
• Etymology: Clearly related to the Gaulish term nemeton 'sanctuary, temple'; the suffix -ako- denotes the 'estate of a temple' [Delamare, p. 205].

Morini

Gesoriacum, Bononia

• Place: Boulogne-sur-Mer, department Pas-de-Calais, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Gesoriacum nunc Bononia (Peut.) Gesoriacum (Mel.) Gessoriacum (Plin., Svet., It. Ant.) Bononia (Amm., Not. Dign.)
• Etymology: The presence of the suffix -ako- points to an unattested personal name *Gaisorus or possibly *Gaisorix [Delamarre, p. 154].
  In the 3rd century the town starts being called Bononia, which has been often reconducted to the Gaulish term bona 'foundation, base'. However, more likely [Delamarre, p. 85] it derives from a form *bounonia, that is, an auspicious name meaning 'prosperous', quite suitable for a new foundation or a renaming', from a Celtic stem *bouno- (Old Irish buan 'constant') and ultimately from the PIE root *bheu- 'to be, grow'.

Itium pr., Itius p.

• Place: Cap Gris-Nez (Itium pr.), possibly Wissant (Itius p.), department Pas-de-Calais, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Itium (Ptol.) Itius (Caes.)
• Etymology: Formally it could reflect an attested personal name Itios [Delamarre, p. 167].

Lintomagus

• Place: Brimeux, department Pas-de-Calais, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Lintomagus (Peut.)
• Etymology: A Gaulish compound name, with the second element that is the term magos 'field, market', while the first element *linto- is unexplained [Delamarre, p. 179].

Tarvenna

• Place: Thérouanne, department , region , France
• Name: Taruanna (Ptol.) Tervenna (It. Ant.) Tervanna (Peut.)
• Etymology: Explained as *taru-an(n)a, from a personal name Tarvos [Delamarre, p. 248].

Menapii

Turnacum

• Place: Tournai, province Hainaut, Belgium
• Name: Turnacum (It. Ant., Peut., Not. Dign.)
• Etymology: The presence of the suffix -ako- points to a personal name *Turnos, for a meaning 'the estate of T.' [Delamarre, p. 256].

Viroviacum

• Place: Wervicq, province West-Vlaanderen, Belgium
• Name: Viroviacum (It. Ant.) Virovinum (Peut.)
• Etymology: The presence of the suffix -ako- points to a personal name *Verovios that could be easily reconstruced, whence the meaning 'the estate of V.' [Delamarre, p. 266].

Nervii

Camaracum

• Place: Cambrai, department Nord, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Camaracum (Peut.) Cameracum (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Clearly from the Gaulish personal name Camaros and the suffix -aco- meaning 'the estate of C.' [Delamarre, p. 98].

Duronum

• Place: Etroeungt, department Nord, region Hauts-de-France, France
• Name: Duronum (It. Ant., Peut.)
• Etymology: Usually related to the Gaulish term duron 'forum, marketplace', or from a personal name Duronos [Delamarre, p. 147].

Vodgoriacum

• Place: Waudrez, Binche, province Hainaut, Belgium
• Name: Vodgoriacum (It. Ant.) Vogodorgiacum (Peut.)
• Etymology: The presence of the suffix -ako- points to a personal name, to be reconstructed as *Vodogorios or Votocorios, with various possible meanings [Delamarre, p. 276].

Tungri

Atuatuca

• Place: Tongeren, province Limburg, Belgium
• Name: Atuatuca, Aduatuca (Caes.) Atuatucum (Ptol.) Adua(tu)ca (It. Ant.) Atuaca (Peut.)
• Etymology: The spelling *Aduatuca is somehow preferred [Delamarre, p. 41] and explained from a personal name.

Blariacum

• Place: Blerick, Venlo, province Limburg, The Netherlands
• Name: Blariacum (Peut.)
• Etymology: The Gaulish suffix -ako- shows that the place name is formed after a personal name, Blarios [Delamarre, p. 80].

Catualium

• Place: Heel, Maasgouw, province Limburg, The Netherlands
• Name: Catualium (Peut.)
• Etymology: Commonly segmented as *catu-valium, where the first element is Gaulish catu 'battle' and the second element is possibly a Gauslish word reinterpreted after Latin vallum 'fortification, wall'. Alternatively, the place name has been explained from a personal name Catuvalos [Delamarre, p. 110].

Feresne

• Place: Dilsen, Dilsen-Stokkem, province Limburg, Belgium
• Name: Feresne (Peut.)
• Etymology: Unknown.

Mederiacum

• Place: Melick, Roerdalen, province Limburg, The Netherlands
• Name: Mederiacum (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: From a personal name Mederios, with the Gaulish suffix -ako- [Delamarre, p. 195].

Perniciacum

• Place: probably Braives, province Liège, Belgium
• Name: Perniciacum (It. Ant.) Pernacum (Peut.)
• Etymology: From a personal name Pernos or Pernicios, with the Gaulish suffix -aco-.

Ubii

Arenatium

• Place: Rindern, Kleve, district Düsseldorf, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Arenacium (Tac.) Arenatium (Peut.) Harenatium (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Unknown due to two contrasting spellings, one with -acium, which could point to a derivation from a personal name Arenos [Delamarre, p. 58], and another with -atium.

Asciburgium

• Place: Asberg, Moers, district Düsseldorf, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Asciburgium (Tac., Peut.)
• Etymology: Commonly [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 78] considered a Germanic compound name, with a first element *askaz 'ash-tree' (or from the posited Germanic name of the hero Ulysses, *Askis) and a second element *burg- 'town, castle', thus '(ash-)wooden castle'.

Belgica

• Place: Billig, Euskirchen, district Köln, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Belgica (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: From a personal name Belgicos, thus 'domain of B.' [Delamarre, p. 74].

Burungum

• Place: Worringen, Köln, district Köln, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Burungum (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Interpreted (Neumann) from a Proto-Germanic *bura- 'hut(s)' with the Germanic suffix -ung(a) [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 115]. The vocalization un of the latter is typically Germanic.

Calo

• Place: Halen by Baerl, Duisburg, district Düsseldorf, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Calo (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Only root etymologies have been proposed [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 123]. Possibly a Latin word.

Durnomagus

• Place: Dormagen, district Düsseldorf, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Durnomagus (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: A Gaulish compound with a first element that is either a personal name Durnos or a term durno- 'fist' (as a geomorphic traslate, that is, 'a rock that is like a fist'), and a second element magos 'field, market' [Delamarre, p. 145].

Gelduba

• Place: Gellep-Stratum, Krefeld, district Düsseldorf, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Gelduba (Plin., It. Ant., Tac.)
• Etymology: Unclear. The ending -uba is more often found in Hispania and neither a Germanic, nor a Gaulish etymology (unless the name is segmented as *gel-dub-a and explained from the two color adjectives gell- 'brown, yellow' and dub- 'dark') has been found [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 174].

Icorigium

• Place: Jünkerath, region Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
• Name: Icorigium (Peut.) Egorigium (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: From an attested personal name Icorix [Delamarre, p. 163].

Marcomagus

• Place: between Marmagen and Nettersheim, district Köln, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Marcomagus (It. Ant., Peut.)
• Etymology: A clear Gaulish compound, from marco- 'horse' andmagos 'field, market' [Delamarre, p. 191].

Novaesium

• Place: Gnadental, Neuss, district Düsseldorf, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Novaesium (Tac.) Novesium (It. Ant., Peut., Amm.)
• Etymology: Possibly related to Gaulish *nouio- 'new', either through a personal name [Delamarre, p. 207] or a form *nou(a)esio- later Germanized [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 266].

Quadriburgium

• Place: Qualburg, Bedburg-Hau, district Düsseldorf, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Quadriburgium (Amm.)
• Etymology: A Latin-Germanic hybrid term, meaning 'fort with four towers'.

Rigomagus

• Place: Remagen, region Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
• Name: Rigomagus (Peut.)
• Etymology: A Gaulish compound meaning 'royal field', from rigo- 'royal' and magos 'field, market' [Delamarre, p. 221]

Tolbiacum

• Place: Zülpich, district Köln, region Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
• Name: Tolbiacum (It. Ant., Tac.)
• Etymology: Commonly [Delamarre, p. 253] explained from a personal name *Tolbius. No convinging Germanic etymology has been found [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 343].

Batavi and Cannefates

Carvium

• Place: Herwen, Zevenaar, province Gelderland, The Netherlands
• Name: Carvium (inscr.)
• Etymology: Interpreted as 'domain of Carvios', from an attested personal name [Delamarre, p. 108], or somehow related to a Celtic cognate of the PIE root *karuo- 'deer' [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 128]. No convincing Germanic etymology has been found.

Caspingium

• Place: possibly Asperen, Lingewaal, province Gelderland, The Netherlands
• Name: Caspingium (Peut.)
• Etymology: A Gaulish etymology proposed (Toorians) is from *cassi-benn(i)a-, from a personal name *Cassibennos (the latter element is benna 'peak' and the former is unclear). Other, Germanic etymologies are even less likely [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 130]. Alternatively,

Fectio

• Place: Vechten, Bunnik, province Utrecht, The Netherlands
• Name: Fletio (Peut.) Fictio (Rav.) Fectio (inscr.)
• Etymology: A Germanic hydronym cognate to Old High German fehtan 'make quick movements (especially with the arms)' and Anglo-Saxon feohtan 'to fight' [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 159]. These terms are related to the PIE root *pek'- 'to fleece', through the meaning of 'wool, comb, to shave, etc.'.

Grinnes

• Place: Rossum, Maasdriel, province Gelderland, The Netherlands
• Name: Grinnes (Tac., Peut.)
• Etymology: Unknown.

Lugdunum

• Place: Katwijk, department , region , France
• Name: Lugdunum (Ptol., It. Ant., Peut.)
• Etymology: A common Gaulish compound *lugu-dunon 'fort of Lugus', from the theonym Lugus, the supreme Celtic god, and the term dunon 'fortress' [Delamarre, p. 183].

Mannaricium

• Place: Maurik, Buren, province Gelderland, The Netherlands
• Name: Mannaritium (It. Ant.)
• Etymology: Obviously a compound noun, which can be explained from a personal name *Mannarix or Mannarus [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 226].

Matilo

• Place: Roomburg, Leiden, province Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
• Name: Matilo (Peut.) Matellio (Rav.)
• Etymology: Explained from a personal name *Matilos [Delamarre, p. 193].

Scaldis fl.

• Place: river Schelde, province Zeeland, The Netherlands
• Name: Scaldis (Caes., Plin., Greg. Tur.) Tabula (Ptol.)
• Etymology: The stem *scald- is not attested in Celtic and is usually considered as Germanic [Delamarre, p. 231]. It has thus been explained as a Germanic agent noun *skaldhon 'the pusher', from the verbal stem *skalda- 'to thrust', which does not have a convincing IE etymology [Scheungraber & Grünzweig, p. 299].